1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society; -One reason which led to the Puritans not attempting to create a more utopian society, was the “sobering” influence of British law. Due to these laws, the colonists had their interests changed somewhat, such as keeping their land and charter. They were interested in the layout of their communities, not in making them necessarily good.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government. -They were unsure how they should select their representatives and leaders, they also were unsure what form of government and political body they should attempt to create; whether following England or forming a different political force, and finally the distribution of “federal” power. The confusion over the power of the centralized government would, one assumes, be complicated by the fact that there were two “governing bodies” one in the colonies and the other in England.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society; The Puritans realized they were unable to create a utopian society. It was difficult enough for them to continue to keep their land and make the community livable. The colonial experiment did not allow room for attempts at creating utopia.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government. The Puritans were unsure how to organize their government. Particularly, they struggled with the ideas of a representative democracy—how to choose the few people who would represent the general populace. Besides that fact, they were dealing with how to govern a colony that is removed from its mother country but still follows orders from it.
1. The Puritans were too busy trying to maintain their charter to be concerned with pursuing Utopia. In the unfamiliar wilderness of the Americas, the Puritans wanted to cling to the familiarity of 'familiar institutions'. Because of their orthodox religion and its settled theology, the Puritans focused more on the here-and-now structure and complexities of their society than turning it into what would be a Utopia. They were more concerned with making sure their settlement was 'effective' than 'good'.
2. The Puritans saw their church as a sort of self-government, where there were no bishops, for example, because they were fit to self-rule. The Puritans feared nonconverts in their church, because they feared such would come to rule their government. Because of this common conformity of the people, an issue for the Puritans was how to select a ruler, and how to determine their competency, and what checks and balances different parts of the government should have over each other (Bernstein uses the relationship between magistrates and deputies as an example). The Puritans also debated the limits of power, and decided that no political identity should infringe upon the 'liberty and authority' of the people they governed. Another problem for the Puritans was distribution of government, between federal and local organizations. This issue was more or less answered by the church form, where congregations selected their leaders and thus communicated and extended the 'free hand of fellowship' with each other, but remained independent of a central body.
Resist Utopia 1. The Puritans did not pursue a utopian society because they were strictly attached to English law and Puritan religion discouraged day-dreaming and deemed it evil. Also, it their new environment the Puritans clung to their familiar institutions and were too busy focusing on human and practical problems of society. 2. The Puritans had three main problems with forming a government. One was a question of how to select leaders and the requirement of being religious. The second was the struggle of deciding how much power to give to any political figure. Lastly and similar to the second was a question of power distribution between local and central, government and church, and the government and its officials. Taylor Oster 2009
1. The Puritans did not pursue creating a Utopian society because although they had much of the homogeneity of religious thought and community-building that a Utopia would take, they were still greatly influenced by English law, and they wished to preserve their charter and land-titles with England more than they had any ideas of a Utopia. Also, Puritan doctrine was influenced by Calvinism, which was very pessimistic and dissuaded the idea of a Utopia. Finally, the overall unfamiliarity and possible danger of America detracted from the idea of a Utopia.
2. While creating a government, Puritans had difficulties determining how leaders and representatives should be chosen. The strict specifications that existed regarding church membership and freeman status, as well as the doctrinal ideas of everyone in a church community being equally valid leaders, added to the difficulty of deciding how to select leaders. Puritans also debated the extent of political power, as they believed granting power to anybody was dangerous, and must be regulated. Lastly, they were unclear on the distribution of power between central and local governing systems. This last problem seems to be a precursor to later struggles in forming the United States’ government, where the debate between giving more power to either state or federal government ensued.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society; -The attempt of the Puritans to create a utopia in the New World -which would have been formed based off the values of Puritan theology and thus would have gone against the Anglican Church and the British Imperial Government- would have caused the Puritans' colonial charter to be revoked and thus leaving them homeless on the frontier of an unexplored land scape.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government. -The Puritans, who had been long repressed, had always been the subjects of government, not the rulers. Thus, when the reins of power were thrust into their hands, they knew little or nothing of what to do with said reins.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society;
The Puritans already had so much to handle in their new colony with the British as "land lords" enforcing laws and codes, aswell as them trying to set up a Utopian society would have gone against British Mandate and would cause their charter to be removed.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government.
There were several problems stopping them from forming a government, such as how would they select leadership, and how do they know they even need leadership? They also needed a way to govern a separate colony from the British, but still allow the British to control their actions. That caused a tremendous amount of problems.
1. They did not pursue the creation of a utopia because one the people tried to stick to familiar institutions like English law because of the insecurity of living in the wild away from what they knew, and they also more wanted to keep their land titles with England. Also, the Bible and their own society influenced a more practical non- utopian mind frame. They really didn’t care they were concerned more with practical and human problems than making a perfect place.
2. While creating a government, Puritans had difficulties determining how leaders should be chosen and were also not sure of how to organize it. The second concern was the extent of the political power they did not want people to come into power and become corrupt. The third problem was how were they going to run the colony sufficiently and still let England technically be in control.
1. There are a few reasons why the Puritans did not pursue a Utopian society. First, is the British Law. This caused colonists to be more ivolved in practical ideas and keeping there land up, inorder to keep the colony going. Second,ideas like this were considered daydreaming and were viewed as evil ideas. Lastly, They felt insecure in the "Wilderness", which caused them to see the similarities between laws of God and Laws of England.
2. The Puritans struggle with three ideas while trying to form a goverment. The first was the they were unsure on how to choose leaders that were also religious and members to the church. The second was how much power should the leaders have. Lastly, they were not sure if they should distribute the power and how should the Puritans organize this new goverment.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society;
The puritans did not pursue a Utopian society because in order to do so they would have needed a stable system which they could improve. The system which the puritans were working under at the time was still young, and they were to concerned with keeping their new colony afloat, to improve a fledgling system.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government.
The ideas which the puritans struggled with were those which all countries must must face at some point, namely what system of government should their new colonies choose. Should they mirrior their mother country England, in a parliamentary monarchy, or choose some other system which would better servbe the Puritan colonies?
1. An Utopian society was not the Puritans goal. the goal was focused on their religious connection to their god. Also, in some respects, it can be believed that suffering can bring you closer to God as shown by the nuns and monks that live in monasteries that lead a quiet and undisturbed life. that is the whole purpose in living in forced poverty, to bring a greater spiritual richness.
2. their main struggle with Government stemmed from their lack of unified leadership. because a devotion to religion, the thought of a worldly leader was somewhat a strange concept.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society The Puritans did not pursue creating a utopian society because they were unsettled by being in a place so different from where they had come from. They kept familiar practices and laws from England to make themselves feel more secure, as well as out of habit and desire to keep the titles they had had in England. However, this prevented them from taking what was readily available to them and turning it into a Utopia.
2. What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government?
Firstly, the Puritans struggled with the question of how to pick their leaders. The general decision was that they must come from the church, but there was a lot of debate as to how they were to be chosen. Secondly, the Puritans addressed the problem of how much power to give to people in charge. They were very careful in deciding the limits of power. Lastly, they struggled with the distribution of power and the organization of federal government. The church and the government each had a different organization when it came to this.
1. The puritans choose not to pursue a Utopian society because the English law was very powerfull and sobering, along witht the fact that Calvanism did not encourage day dreaming (29). It was also stated that in their bible the puritans had a blue print for this good society, so I find it interesting that they did not pursue it.
2. -how to select leaders and representatives: I found it funny how they were worried that if the unconverted could become members of their own church then they may become the leaders. I also found the part about finding who was a fit leader interesting, for in many situation nowadays this is also a common problem. -proper limits of polotical power: I aslo find it funny how ths is still a problem today, although it has for the most part been settled with the "checks and balances" system -feasable federal orginazation: Wow surprise here, yet againg a problem encounteres today.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society? It would have been difficult even if they cared to create a utopian society, because of the new land; survival was the most important factor they had to watch besides religious worship. Being chartered from England they still had a sense of ideas that were influenced by Calvinism to not care about a utopia.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government. The Puritans who had been repressed and made under control, made getting this new freedom did not allow them to know what to do, because they did not know how to work this new power of theirs.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society; ~The Puritans were busy creating their new community in a unknown place and so they were really too busy to bother with making a utopia when all they wanted was to make their community work.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government. ~The puritans wanted someone who could lead them but also keep their government safe, so they struggled with ideas such as democracy, plus the questions of how much power and such these leaders would be given.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create a utopian society? ~ To Puritan's, a perfect, utopian society was to much of a fantasy rather than a reality. Puritans were in all far to practical, and also had to face the harsh reality of living in the wilderness - where it was difficult to survive, nonetheless create a wonderfully charming society. Because Puritans were strict and practical, a society that maintained the characteristic of 'utopian' was simply a daydream, and could not be achieved by reality.
2. What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government? ~ Puritans struggled with the concept that the Bible IS the law. Because of their religious tenacity, Puritans placed the bible first, and England second - although their charter clearly claimed they were to imitate, if not completely copy, English law. Also, Puritans strove to create a 'good' society, in which they disagreed with some English law. This concept was ineffective, producing another struggling idea in the government. Likewise, England continuously influenced the creating of law and government because of the charter it had placed on Massachusetts Bay. The Puritans had to follow English law, an object in the government they did not entirely agree with.
1. Because they could not get rid of the interests they had in Europe such as title and property, as well as their pre-set form of justice.
2. Who would be leader of the colony for one. the justice system and how it would run, and how they could run a community effectively with out problems.
1) In the Puritan Bible, there was a plan laid out for building a Utopia. Upon arriving in America, many were excited in the hope of discovering Zion. However, several aspects hindered their dream which is why the new colonies little resemble their visions of the promise land. Firstly, the new settlers were heavily persuaded to retain their charter and preserve their land-titles by English law. Pursuing unrealistic dreams was also discouraged and looked down upon according to Calvinism. Lastly, the idea of creating a perfect civilization in the unknown made settlers that much more dependent on the familiar institutions.
2) When forming a government, the Puritans struggled with three main aspects. The forefront of the problems lay in how to choose leaders in the first place. There were many concerns regarding who was fit to rule and how it would be planned. The second problem was the extent of power a ruler would be granted. And lastly there was a problem with how power was to be distributed and in what form of organization.
1. To pursue a utopian society was unrealistic and unattainable. The Puritans took a more practical outlook on life as well as the situation they were in. After all, it is difficult to be insanely optimistic while striving to survive in a foreign wilderness with potential danger in the shadow over your shoulder.
2. The Puritans struggled to follow complete law behind English walls. In this New World, establishing law would be in itself a challenge especially considering they put the Bible in front of their laws and found that some England laws were disagreeable in their writing and their method of carrying it out.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society; Aside from the flaw that the Bible was a narrative and in its majority not a set of laws, the Puritans had a perfect guide for the building of a Utopia. They weren’t, however, at completely liberty to create their own laws and function as they pleased; They had to maintain the rules of England in order to keep their charter and land titles. Not to mention that they followed the British legal system out of sentimental patriotism. They clung to all things familiar and known to work well all the more because they were in the middle of the wilderness, a dangerous environment to test new theories. Another inhibiting factor was the pessimistic mentality of the Puritans, which clashed with dreams of a perfect society. 2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government. The Puritans didn’t bother themselves too much with philosophical riddles, having their ideology nailed straight from the very beginning. This left them to iron out the organization of their government and concern themselves less with “making the community good than making it effective, with insuring the integrity and self-restraint on its leaders, and with preventing its government from being oppressive.” They did concern themselves with three main things: 1) how to choose representatives and leaders, 2) how much political power needed to be kept in check, and how a federal organization could be made to work.
47 comments:
Andi,
Did the Puritans really have a "church?"
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society;
-One reason which led to the Puritans not attempting to create a more utopian society, was the “sobering” influence of British law. Due to these laws, the colonists had their interests changed somewhat, such as keeping their land and charter. They were interested in the layout of their communities, not in making them necessarily good.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government.
-They were unsure how they should select their representatives and leaders, they also were unsure what form of government and political body they should attempt to create; whether following England or forming a different political force, and finally the distribution of “federal” power. The confusion over the power of the centralized government would, one assumes, be complicated by the fact that there were two “governing bodies” one in the colonies and the other in England.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society;
The Puritans realized they were unable to create a utopian society. It was difficult enough for them to continue to keep their land and make the community livable. The colonial experiment did not allow room for attempts at creating utopia.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government.
The Puritans were unsure how to organize their government. Particularly, they struggled with the ideas of a representative democracy—how to choose the few people who would represent the general populace. Besides that fact, they were dealing with how to govern a colony that is removed from its mother country but still follows orders from it.
1. The Puritans were too busy trying to maintain their charter to be concerned with pursuing Utopia. In the unfamiliar wilderness of the Americas, the Puritans wanted to cling to the familiarity of 'familiar institutions'. Because of their orthodox religion and its settled theology, the Puritans focused more on the here-and-now structure and complexities of their society than turning it into what would be a Utopia. They were more concerned with making sure their settlement was 'effective' than 'good'.
2. The Puritans saw their church as a sort of self-government, where there were no bishops, for example, because they were fit to self-rule. The Puritans feared nonconverts in their church, because they feared such would come to rule their government. Because of this common conformity of the people, an issue for the Puritans was how to select a ruler, and how to determine their competency, and what checks and balances different parts of the government should have over each other (Bernstein uses the relationship between magistrates and deputies as an example). The Puritans also debated the limits of power, and decided that no political identity should infringe upon the 'liberty and authority' of the people they governed. Another problem for the Puritans was distribution of government, between federal and local organizations. This issue was more or less answered by the church form, where congregations selected their leaders and thus communicated and extended the 'free hand of fellowship' with each other, but remained independent of a central body.
Resist Utopia
1. The Puritans did not pursue a utopian society because they were strictly attached to English law and Puritan religion discouraged day-dreaming and deemed it evil. Also, it their new environment the Puritans clung to their familiar institutions and were too busy focusing on human and practical problems of society.
2. The Puritans had three main problems with forming a government. One was a question of how to select leaders and the requirement of being religious. The second was the struggle of deciding how much power to give to any political figure. Lastly and similar to the second was a question of power distribution between local and central, government and church, and the government and its officials.
Taylor Oster 2009
1. The Puritans did not pursue creating a Utopian society because although they had much of the homogeneity of religious thought and community-building that a Utopia would take, they were still greatly influenced by English law, and they wished to preserve their charter and land-titles with England more than they had any ideas of a Utopia. Also, Puritan doctrine was influenced by Calvinism, which was very pessimistic and dissuaded the idea of a Utopia. Finally, the overall unfamiliarity and possible danger of America detracted from the idea of a Utopia.
2. While creating a government, Puritans had difficulties determining how leaders and representatives should be chosen. The strict specifications that existed regarding church membership and freeman status, as well as the doctrinal ideas of everyone in a church community being equally valid leaders, added to the difficulty of deciding how to select leaders. Puritans also debated the extent of political power, as they believed granting power to anybody was dangerous, and must be regulated. Lastly, they were unclear on the distribution of power between central and local governing systems. This last problem seems to be a precursor to later struggles in forming the United States’ government, where the debate between giving more power to either state or federal government ensued.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society;
-The attempt of the Puritans to create a utopia in the New World -which would have been formed based off the values of Puritan theology and thus would have gone against the Anglican Church and the British Imperial Government- would have caused the Puritans' colonial charter to be revoked and thus leaving them homeless on the frontier of an unexplored land scape.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government.
-The Puritans, who had been long repressed, had always been the subjects of government, not the rulers. Thus, when the reins of power were thrust into their hands, they knew little or nothing of what to do with said reins.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society;
The Puritans already had so much to handle in their new colony with the British as "land lords" enforcing laws and codes, aswell as them trying to set up a Utopian society would have gone against British Mandate and would cause their charter to be removed.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government.
There were several problems stopping them from forming a government, such as how would they select leadership, and how do they know they even need leadership? They also needed a way to govern a separate colony from the British, but still allow the British to control their actions. That caused a tremendous amount of problems.
1. They did not pursue the creation of a utopia because one the people tried to stick to familiar institutions like English law because of the insecurity of living in the wild away from what they knew, and they also more wanted to keep their land titles with England. Also, the Bible and their own society influenced a more practical non- utopian mind frame. They really didn’t care they were concerned more with practical and human problems than making a perfect place.
2. While creating a government, Puritans had difficulties determining how leaders should be chosen and were also not sure of how to organize it. The second concern was the extent of the political power they did not want people to come into power and become corrupt. The third problem was how were they going to run the colony sufficiently and still let England technically be in control.
The one above is By Rebecca harkness otherwise the RHfishy post
1. There are a few reasons why the Puritans did not pursue a Utopian society. First, is the British Law. This caused colonists to be more ivolved in practical ideas and keeping there land up, inorder to keep the colony going. Second,ideas like this were considered daydreaming and were viewed as evil ideas. Lastly, They felt insecure in the "Wilderness", which caused them to see the similarities between laws of God and Laws of England.
2. The Puritans struggle with three ideas while trying to form a goverment. The first was the they were unsure on how to choose leaders that were also religious and members to the church. The second was how much power should the leaders have. Lastly, they were not sure if they should distribute the power and how should the Puritans organize this new goverment.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society;
The puritans did not pursue a Utopian society because in order to do so they would have needed a stable system which they could improve. The system which the puritans were working under at the time was still young, and they were to concerned with keeping their new colony afloat, to improve a fledgling system.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government.
The ideas which the puritans struggled with were those which all countries must must face at some point, namely what system of government should their new colonies choose. Should they mirrior their mother country England, in a parliamentary monarchy, or choose some other system which would better servbe the Puritan colonies?
Caroline Rynn
1. An Utopian society was not the Puritans goal. the goal was focused on their religious connection to their god. Also, in some respects, it can be believed that suffering can bring you closer to God as shown by the nuns and monks that live in monasteries that lead a quiet and undisturbed life. that is the whole purpose in living in forced poverty, to bring a greater spiritual richness.
2. their main struggle with Government stemmed from their lack of unified leadership. because a devotion to religion, the thought of a worldly leader was somewhat a strange concept.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society
The Puritans did not pursue creating a utopian society because they were unsettled by being in a place so different from where they had come from. They kept familiar practices and laws from England to make themselves feel more secure, as well as out of habit and desire to keep the titles they had had in England. However, this prevented them from taking what was readily available to them and turning it into a Utopia.
2. What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government?
Firstly, the Puritans struggled with the question of how to pick their leaders. The general decision was that they must come from the church, but there was a lot of debate as to how they were to be chosen. Secondly, the Puritans addressed the problem of how much power to give to people in charge. They were very careful in deciding the limits of power. Lastly, they struggled with the distribution of power and the organization of federal government. The church and the government each had a different organization when it came to this.
-Mira Schlosberg
1. The puritans choose not to pursue a Utopian society because the English law was very powerfull and sobering, along witht the fact that Calvanism did not encourage day dreaming (29). It was also stated that in their bible the puritans had a blue print for this good society, so I find it interesting that they did not pursue it.
2. -how to select leaders and representatives: I found it funny how they were worried that if the unconverted could become members of their own church then they may become the leaders. I also found the part about finding who was a fit leader interesting, for in many situation nowadays this is also a common problem.
-proper limits of polotical power: I aslo find it funny how ths is still a problem today, although it has for the most part been settled with the "checks and balances" system
-feasable federal orginazation: Wow surprise here, yet againg a problem encounteres today.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society?
It would have been difficult even if they cared to create a utopian society, because of the new land; survival was the most important factor they had to watch besides religious worship. Being chartered from England they still had a sense of ideas that were influenced by Calvinism to not care about a utopia.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government.
The Puritans who had been repressed and made under control, made getting this new freedom did not allow them to know what to do, because they did not know how to work this new power of theirs.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society;
~The Puritans were busy creating their new community in a unknown place and so they were really too busy to bother with making a utopia when all they wanted was to make their community work.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government.
~The puritans wanted someone who could lead them but also keep their government safe, so they struggled with ideas such as democracy, plus the questions of how much power and such these leaders would be given.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create a utopian society?
~ To Puritan's, a perfect, utopian society was to much of a fantasy rather than a reality. Puritans were in all far to practical, and also had to face the harsh reality of living in the wilderness - where it was difficult to survive, nonetheless create a wonderfully charming society. Because Puritans were strict and practical, a society that maintained the characteristic of 'utopian' was simply a daydream, and could not be achieved by reality.
2. What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government?
~ Puritans struggled with the concept that the Bible IS the law. Because of their religious tenacity, Puritans placed the bible first, and England second - although their charter clearly claimed they were to imitate, if not completely copy, English law. Also, Puritans strove to create a 'good' society, in which they disagreed with some English law. This concept was ineffective, producing another struggling idea in the government. Likewise, England continuously influenced the creating of law and government because of the charter it had placed on Massachusetts Bay. The Puritans had to follow English law, an object in the government they did not entirely agree with.
1. Because they could not get rid of the interests they had in Europe such as title and property, as well as their pre-set form of justice.
2. Who would be leader of the colony for one. the justice system and how it would run, and how they could run a community effectively with out problems.
1) In the Puritan Bible, there was a plan laid out for building a Utopia. Upon arriving in America, many were excited in the hope of discovering Zion. However, several aspects hindered their dream which is why the new colonies little resemble their visions of the promise land. Firstly, the new settlers were heavily persuaded to retain their charter and preserve their land-titles by
English law. Pursuing unrealistic dreams was also discouraged and looked down upon according to Calvinism. Lastly, the idea of creating a perfect civilization in the unknown made settlers that much more dependent on the familiar institutions.
2) When forming a government, the Puritans struggled with three main aspects. The forefront of the problems lay in how to choose leaders in the first place.
There were many concerns regarding who was fit to rule and how it would be planned. The second problem was the extent of power a ruler would be granted.
And lastly there was a problem with how power was to be distributed and in what form of organization.
1. To pursue a utopian society was unrealistic and unattainable. The Puritans took a more practical outlook on life as well as the situation they were in. After all, it is difficult to be insanely optimistic while striving to survive in a foreign wilderness with potential danger in the shadow over your shoulder.
2. The Puritans struggled to follow complete law behind English walls. In this New World, establishing law would be in itself a challenge especially considering they put the Bible in front of their laws and found that some England laws were disagreeable in their writing and their method of carrying it out.
1. Why Puritans did not pursue to create utopian society;
Aside from the flaw that the Bible was a narrative and in its majority not a set of laws, the Puritans had a perfect guide for the building of a Utopia. They weren’t, however, at completely liberty to create their own laws and function as they pleased; They had to maintain the rules of England in order to keep their charter and land titles. Not to mention that they followed the British legal system out of sentimental patriotism. They clung to all things familiar and known to work well all the more because they were in the middle of the wilderness, a dangerous environment to test new theories.
Another inhibiting factor was the pessimistic mentality of the Puritans, which clashed with dreams of a perfect society.
2. (and more importantly) What ideas did they struggle with in forming a government.
The Puritans didn’t bother themselves too much with philosophical riddles, having their ideology nailed straight from the very beginning. This left them to iron out the organization of their government and concern themselves less with “making the community good than making it effective, with insuring the integrity and self-restraint on its leaders, and with preventing its government from being oppressive.”
They did concern themselves with three main things: 1) how to choose representatives and leaders, 2) how much political power needed to be kept in check, and how a federal organization could be made to work.
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