In this chapter, EVERYONE MUST ANSWER #8.
1. Pay attention to the definitions of the "several kinds of colonies -- 'charter, royal, and proprietary.'" They will come in handy years down the road...
2. What exactly did Harvard Collage do in 1642 that Boorstin considers "vague" and why?
3. Why was Yale founded and under what conditions?
4. Please discuss briefly on the differences between colleges and universities established in England?
5. What is the significance of the "lay control" of colonial colleges?
6. What may be significant concerning the Board of Trustees of Yale and Princeton?
7. What was the role of religious sects in the founding of colleges in the colonies?
8. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages with colonial colleges (this is a very general question and therefore has numerous answers)?
34 comments:
1. A "propietary" colony was Governed by an English Bishop. This clerical control became an issue in the 18th century, however, with the rise of sectarianism. Although Boorstin never actually defines the other types of colonies, their premise is pretty self-explanatory. A "charter" colony was governed by whomever its charter was given to. A "royal" colony was governed by the king.
2. In 1642, Harvard began giving out degrees. The vagueness mentioned by Boorstin lies in the number of questions of legality this created. Firstly, Harvard was not a university at the time, which was the English prerequisite of being able to grant degrees, a power held only by Oxford and Cambridge at the time. Secondly, the Massachusetts Bay charter had not certified it as a degree-granting institution. Thirdly, the Massachusetts Bay charter may have not even have had the authority in its English charter to certify Harvard as a degree-granting institution. All of these problems were subject to the scrutiny and criticism of the English enemies of America.
3. Yale grew in Connecticut to show the loophole in the confusion of authority with the granting of degrees. It started under the title of "collegiate institution," nowhere near the risky "university" that would surely turn it into a criticism magnet for England. It remained under these conditions until it became a true university in the mid-18th century.
4. In England, both Colleges and Universities were considered centers of higher-learning. However, the university had many important qualifications. The main difference was that it could grant degrees, while the college could not. In addition to this most fundamental difference, a university also had other specific criteria. It had to teach theology, as well as the seven liberal arts. Universities were self-governed and became quite isolated from the rest of English society.
5. "Lay control" had a huge influence on the development of American universities. It led to the development of the University President. Universities under control of Trustees who often tended to their own affairs needed somebody who could act as administrator on their behalf. The self-governed English universities never needed this since they had their own autonomous administration. Another effect of the lay control was the shift of the university into the hands of the American aristocracy. In desperate need of money, the universities undoubtedly allowed investment of shareholders, and only wealthy aristocracy could afford to invest.
6. The board of trustees was a set of aristocrats outside of the University. This forced the university to be a part of the community rather than a closed-off "self-governing guild...of the learned." This kept the university transparent, and it had to teach what the aristocratic community wanted it to teach, rather than its own superfluous English traditions.
7. Religious sects were significant in that they each produced their own university to compete with the universities of other religious sects. However the religion of a university had little to do with its student body as universities were so desperate to gain students, they didn't bother making sure they were of the proper religious sect. Students simply went to the university closest to where they lived, or cheapest, regardless of religion.
8. The greatest disadvantage of colonial university was the amount of scholastic sacrifice they made for the sake of making themselves more attractive to prospective students. They allocated too much money to elaborate construction and not enough to hiring well-learned teachers or books. However, the content that was taught at the universities was the English liberal studies anyways. So the most important thing students learned from their university experience was a sense of obtaining knowledge; they were released upon the world with a degree and the ability to learn from the world. As Boorstin puts it, "if they did not know their sacred texts so well, they were opening a thousand windows."
1: A proprietary colony for example of Maine gives power to the english bishop and also gives him proprietor rights hence the name of a proprietary colony. But in this type of colony there was a gray area where the lines between which government had more power which would result in conflictions between governements. Boorstin mentions a royal colonies and charter colonies but never fully explains the full descriptions. But from the names themselves a charter colony would be a colony that was founded on a charter given to a person, and a royal colony would be a colony runed by royals who may have moved to America.
2: When Harvard collage opened in 1636 they were given a grant from the General Court of Massachusetts towards creating a college of place of higher education, but Boorsin describes the legal side of the deal as having much to be desired. By the time 1642 rolled around Harvard was just granting their first degrees but had missed the small detail that Harvard was not legally able to grant degrees. They were given permission by the court for the purpose of creating a place of higher education but it is extremely odd that under this grant they would not give them permission to grant degrees which is after all the purpose of a collage.
3: Yale came about when Harvards legal problems were in full swing. Yale took full advantage for the need of another place that could grant degrees. However they did not name this school as being a university or college because of the controverty that had hit Harvard.
4: The main difference between colleges and universities was that they were so isolated from the rest of society. They were like mini citys which had their own governments and functioned on their own behalf.
5:The significance of the "lay control" of colonial colleges is that unlike European colleges that have years of foundation and growth the foundations of the colonial colleges were created by small groups and communities which had limited resources unlike the vast oppurtunities in Euopean colleges. This opened up colonial colleges to a whole community unlike those of the Europeans which were isolated and became their own towns.
6: The board of trustees in Yale and Princeton owned and basically controlled the opperations of the institutions. Though they were not teachers by any means they s only held power over the colleges and acted as representatives.
7: Religious sects did not play a direct role into who was admited into what colleges but mostly each sect created their own college and apppealed mostly to that sect alone. This created a sort of competition between the colleges because all were in need of a larger student body and with a student body comes new means of oppurtunities for other scholastic endevers.
8: The major disadvantage of going to an American college was that like the colonies the colleges were interested in attracting students and thus relinquishing some of its money that could of gone to books, or other means of knowlege. American colleges were more interested in making good citizens who would be interested in persuing different scholarly activities and not creating clergymen or highly academic people who were only concerned about their field and nothing else besides that. America did not have a "American Athens" as Boorstin describes but more of a habitual learning that would take place slowly and grow as America itself grew.
1. A "proprietary" colony (like Maine) was characterized by allowing the English Bishop power. There was much confusion in how to best handle and distribute power within this type of colony, since seldom was a Bishop delegated exclusively to the corporation line of duty. A "charter" colony placed power upon the receiver of the charter, and a "royal" colony seems to have been run by the King ruling back in England, therefore making the colony more dependent upon England.
2. In 1642, Harvard College granted its first degrees. This doesn't seem vague at first, but Boorstin stated that it was Harvard's authority and legal measures that were questioned. No one had made it legal to give degrees yet, and even when a charter from the Massachusetts General Court was received, there was still no talk of degrees. Until the 20th century, Harvard ignored this legal issue and also if it was considered a university or a college.
3. Yale was founded as another option for education besides Harvard, which at the time was having unsettling legal issues. It came into existence humbly, so as not to receive attention from the legal protesters and England at the time. In order to start quietly, it was first called a collegiate school, and then in 1745 it was accepted.
4. The difference between colleges and universities in England was that a university stood out from the rest of the educational institutions. Universities were areas for "higher learning", and because of that the university was a tight group of rich, education-seeking men that separated themselves from others.
5. The "lay control" of colonial colleges referred to the non-academic leadership of men in such colleges. This led to an openness within the universities and a way for the educational system to be in touch with the community as well. With the community and the colleges working together, the students were able to see how their hard work could be used in the future.
6. The Board of Trustees at Yale and Princeton connected the community to the school by involving the students in the community. Also, the Board of Trustees invented the notion of a college President. This institution was completely separate and different from the Old World, so it provided another way to further make education more American.
7. The three earliest colleges each were created on a different religious base, and was created for the benefit of the individual colonies. With the coming of the Great Awakening, many more colleges with different foundations of belief sprung up, and a type of competition was formed by the colleges to "save" the students from the other religions.
8.
Advantages:
- American movement for diversity increased because of the location of colleges. Students would not go to a different area just to study within their own sect.With diversity, toleration spread as well.
- Because the colleges were within colony communities, students were able to apply themselves within a larger group, therefore settling into their colonies as adults more easily.
-Colleges were much less expensive than in England, and therefore accessible to the whole of the community instead of just a number of students.
Both:
- Religious tolerance increased because of the diversity in colleges. This was opposed by several sects who would not "meet in the middle."
Disadvantages:
- "Intellectual passion" decreased because of how spread out the colonies were. Because of this, there was not the centers of higher learning that were apparent in England.
- The lack of a national college also contributed to the lack of unification.
- Since there were no standards of admission at first,it was a lowered type of learning that was offered in America.
-There was an influence on looks(buildings, etc.) rather than education, which lowered the level of teaching at colleges.
1. A charter colony would be under the rule of whoever posessed said charter. A proprietary colony was one the had an English bishop govern it. Over time, the issue of retaining this type of colony was questioned. A royal colony was directly under the rule of the English King.
2. Harvard began to issue degrees to graduates in 1642. Boorstin questions the validity of the degrees handed out by Harvard because Harvard didn't have the proper credentials to be handing out degrees, which was a power held solely to Oxford Univeristy and Cambridge. This explains his views of the "vaugeness" of Harvards actions of issuing degrees.
3. Yale was founded as another location for intellectuals to obtain a degree. Yale began under the title of "collegiate institution" because it would probably slide under the radar if Harvard was persecuted for handing out void degrees.
4. In England, although both colleges and universities were considered a school of higher learning, colleges weren't qualified to distribute degrees to its graduates. Only a university could issue degrees to its attendees because of the more rigorous process of learning and the quality of education was higher than that of a college.
5. "Lay control" refered to the governing board of colonial colleges. This "lay control" eventually established the position of the president of the university and the deans of each department. It established a hierarchy within the acedemic comunity, but wasn't directly intertwined with the acedemic processes.
6. The Board of Trustees was a group of officials who were located beyond the academic setting and governed the school. They made the colleges to teach what they wanted to be taught, regardless of whether it contradicted what the faculty thought was essential to teach or not. This also integrated the schools into the surrounding community, breaking the hopes of being a solitary center for the intellectuals who attended them.
7. The religios sects of the colleges in the colonies attracted students of the same sect, although declaration of relgion wasn't neccesary to gain admittance to the college. More often than not, the religous affiliation of the college did little more than to offer a perk to those who attended.
8. Some advantages of colonial colleges include the greater education of American students to better the country they lived in, having a higher school of thought would probably impress (in addition to threaten) their English conterparts, and encourages the division of labor and people entering specific fields of jobs. Some disadvantages were each college was trying to show more bells and whistles than the other colonial colleges and thus inciting inefficient spending, no admission test (which forced the college to teach more introductory courses than to better educate those who had more potential), and most were inaccesible to the public so only those who were able to afford both the time and money needed to attend a college went.
1. In respect to the colonies of America, there were three major kinds: charter, royal, and proprietary. These were defined by different legal characteristics. A charter colony was ruled by whoever owned the charter. Similarly self-explanatory, a royal charter was tied directly to the king. In a proprietary colony, the people were governed by the proprietor who held powers equivalent to those of the English Bishop. One consistency, however, among the three different types of colonies, was lack of clarity as to the specific legal powers the governors held.
2. Harvard’s entire foundation and the legality of its actions following are extremely vague, Boorstin claims. Right from the get-go, the funds put towards the building of Harvard were cloudy as it was supposed to go towards “a schoale or college.” Additionally, Harvard granted degrees in 1642, despite the fact that it had no legal permission to do so. There was also a great distinction in England between what a college could do and the rights of universities, the major one being that only a university was legally allowed to grant degrees. Thus, the constitutional outlines of Harvard remained vague until the 1900s.
3. Yale was founded to be a modest school during turbulent legal times. The legality of colonies, much less the schools they were attempting to build was being questioned. The colonists feared breaching their legal contracts with England and inciting malicious challenges against the entire colony. Thus, the founders of Yale called it a “collegiate school” and continued to grant degrees although it was not legally ordained to do so nearly 50 years later.
4. In England, great emphasis was placed upon the distinction between universities and colleges. Oxford and Cambridge were the only English Universities of the time. They alone held the legal power of granting degrees. They offered levels of higher studies in Law, Medicine, and Theology as well as an inflated sense of mightiness under which fashionable nobles were tutored and professors delivered not lectures, but life lessons on drunkenness. Colleges on the other hand, were permitted to be places of living and teaching, but were denied the right to give tests or grant degrees.
5. “Lay” control played a significant role in the leadership of colonial colleges. Colleges in Europe had the benefit of wealthy investors, as well as a substantial population of well educated men equipped to govern them. The newly sprouted colonies in America could not hope to muster the investments needed nor the academic staff of that in England. They instead had to turn to benefactors from the community for resources, without whom, the college could not have survived. This dependence on “lay” control led to a college and community bond in America which was strictly sheltered in England. This influence from non-academic providers led to the need of the college president. The president of the college provided the necessary link between the faculty of the college and the public.
6. The significance of the Board of Trustees resided in their role of doing away with the autonomous governing of previous English colleges. The trustees legally held power over the college and was often made up of religious and practiced authorities. The outside and non-academic control of the colleges not only gave way to the openness between the community and college, but the addition of the college president. The college president acted as the leader of the trustee board and bridged the gap between the faculty and public. It was his duty to promote the college, making the American college an academic and business affair.
7. Religious sects in colonial America not only had a tremendous impact in the founding of colleges, but also on religious tolerance as well. From the beginning, Harvard, William and Mary, and Yale were all founded in order to support the major religious sect of the area. Likewise, many prominent colleges of today such as Princeton and Rutgers were founded by New-Side Presbyterians and Dutch Reformers respectively. Once the precedent was set, nothing could stop other sects from founding their own colleges to support their faiths. Originally, this competition of faiths to found colleges in order to save students from “untruths” was somewhat reminiscent of the controversies over religion which clouted England. However, this competition of religiously founded colleges instead resulted in more religious tolerance. The colleges could not hope to enroll a large amount of students if they were confined to representing a single religion. This led to the representation of opposing sects within the governing board of the colleges in order to appeal to a larger population. Additionally, this meant no colleges administered religious exams to entering students and encouraged “nonsecratarianism” to become a highly regarded American ideal.
8. Colonial colleges in America provided several advantages and disadvantages which applied to not only the knowledge of the students, but its influences upon the community as well. One advantage of colonial colleges was their accessibility. The widespread competition of colleges caused an extraordinary amount to pop up all over the colonies, making it easy for a large number of students to apply. However, this accessibility was also a downside as it was the quantity, and not the quality of the colleges which went up. Also, as the exclusiveness of higher education disappeared, so did academic fervor for knowledge. Also, the large number of independent colleges led to disunity within neighboring communities. Another advantage, however, was that the colleges encouraged religious tolerance as aforementioned. A final disadvantage is in the promotion of the colleges. With increased competition, colleges placed more emphasis on the aesthetic value of their colleges in order to attract more students. This meant that they allowed more money to flow to the construction and renovation of buildings rather than hiring well qualified teachers and acquiring new books.
8. The universities in the colonial period had many problems. In the begining, only 3 colleges existed. This limited the number of students to a very few. Also at this time the universities were only open to wealthy families and were operated in a similar way to the old european universities. THe colonial colleges also didnt have a scholarship program to bring in students. Later on, the colleges became more accepting to less wealthy people. More universities were created, allowing for more choices and a larger student population in America. These colleges in the colonies also kept people from traveling to europe to get an education, which helped to build upon American society.
1. A proprietary colony gave proprietary rights and power to the English bishop. Maine is an example of such a colony. It was undetermined however, the power amount between governments, and so this caused conflict. Royal and charter colonies are never fully defined in this chapter. However, based on its name, a “charter colony” was a colony that was governed by those who were granted a charter. A “royal” colony, assuming from the name, was granted and controlled by Royals.
2. Harvard in 1642 granted its first degree without the authority to do so. The Massachusetts Bay charter colony had not certified the college yet. The college was not even legally incorporated. The basis on which the school was created was too vague. 1642, Harvard was a not yet legal university at this time which was required by England to create degrees. Cambridge and Oxford were the only true universities in 1642.
3. Yale was founded Harvard’s legal foundations were still shaky. Yale founded as a school which would not create controversy and was legally incorporated. Yale showed that the authority’s powers with colleges and universities were not yet perfect and its problem with granting degrees and legalities. It did not become a university until the 18th century, when there was less controversy.
4. In America and England, colleges and universities both provided sufficient education. In England however, universities were more prestigious. Boys were sent to “public” schools, and then went to Oxford or Cambridge if they could afford it. These “national” institutions brought people together. Universities had the power to grant degrees and give exams, and colleges did not. Universities were also self-governed and had stipulations as to what was taught, such as theology.
5. The significance of “lay control” of colonial colleges is non-academic control. This was a way to break into power of a priest class. To do so was letting in “laymen” into government of the college. Lay control in American colleges due to necessity and new ways. They needed management. This also led to development of University President. This person acted as an administrator for the Trustees in the college. Self-governed universities had no need for this, but colonial colleges did since they did not have a formal administration. Lay control also allowed a less isolated community for the college and achieved more openness.
6. The prototype for the American college government was established at Yale and Princeton, organized by a board of trustees. They were able to effectively control the college. This also produced the college president. He represented the faculty and public, an administrator for the college, a leader of the trustees. Besides creating the college president, they involved the students in the college community, as both the public and faculty were represented by the President.
7. The role of religious sects brought diversity to the colleges. Each college was founded to support a church of it’s colony, so with sects came variety among colleges. This competition between sects caused more colleges to be founded. A snowball effect. Representatives of other sects were included for liberalizing.
8. Advantages: Colonial colleges have diversity among their students due to the religious sects in the colleges and the different people to attend. American students were able to receive an education and gain knowledge, bettering their lives for the future. Colleges were less expensive than the Universities or even that of the schools in England. Religious tolerance grew due to the churches and sects in the colleges.
Disadvantages: Getting approved to grant degrees took time and going through the legalities also took time. If colleges, like Harvard, granted a degree without permission to due so, the end result was unfortunate for the college. The colleges also began to focus on the appearance and grandeur of their buildings rather than the education inside.
1. I could not find clear definitions on the different kinds of colonies from Boorstin, so I researched them. A charter colony is a colony where the government gives a charter to a trading company or an individual. Examples of charter colonies are Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Virginia. An English royal governor appointed by the British crown runs a royal colony. A royal colony also has a representative assembly elected by the colonists. New York is an example of a royal colony. The crown grants a proprietary colony to a person or a group. The proprietary colony then has complete autonomy. Examples of this kind of colony are Maryland or Pennsylvania. Source:dictionary.com
4. In England, colleges were places of "instruction" but colleges could not "grant" degrees. Universities could grant degrees. Universities focused mainly on Law, Medicine and Theology. In a university you could also study "the Seven Liberal Arts" and Philosophy. (pg. 173)
7. In America, religious sects founded colleges. The college was created to support the church. Religious sects also wanted to create colleges "in order to save more Americans from the untruths of its competitors."(pg. 179) In addition, these colleges educated ministers and pastors. The churches wanted their ministers and pastors to be educated in the churches doctrine. In addition, these colleges educated lawyers and doctors. Religious groups founded all of the Ivy League colleges, such as Princeton, Yale, Dartmouth, Brown, Harvard etc.
8. Colonial colleges helped America, but they were not as good as their British counterparts. American colleges, like so many other things in America, were practical. American colleges were geared toward creating professionals, such as doctors, lawyers, political leaders, merchants, and ministers, while English universities created "cultivated men." When colleges became competitive in America, the quality of education went down. Competition created "an increase in the number, but not in the quality, of college degrees."(pg. 183) This was only because the colleges were focusing on creating beautiful campuses (designed to increase enrollments) rather than academics.
2. In 1636 the general court of Massachusetts allowed four hundred pounds to go towards a school or college, thus the creation of Harvard. However, no rules or central authority was appointed making the legal structure vague. By 1642, Harvard gave out its first degrees, but they didn’t have a license to do so. Harvard must be granted the right to give out degrees before doing so.
3. Yale was founded sixty years after Harvard had been granted the right to give out degrees. Yale opened its doors when Harvard seemed to be slipping from control.
4. The main difference between colleges and universities in England was the handing out of degrees. Colleges could not hand out degrees because of the monopoly the universities had. Only Cambridge and Oxford were able to hand out degrees.
6. The Board of Trustees was established at both Yale and Princeton legally owned the schools. The members of the boards were minister, magistrates, lawyers, physicians, and merchants. Also, a President would govern over the board and the college. This could become an issue if the president began becoming corrupt.
7. More and more colleges kept popping up because one religion would find its own college and other sects would feel they need to protect the populace from the untruths that the new college now spread. So, that sect would open its own college. Later, colleges began including related sects.
8. A definite advantage to attend a colonial college was that they had different religious affiliations with them. There were schools for all different types of religions instead of one religion. A disadvantage in attending a colonial college instead of Yale, Harvard, or Princeton was that they weren’t big cultural and learning centers. In England for example, there were two major universities. This meant that learning was based around these two schools. However, in America, with all these smaller colonial colleges, there isn’t a large learning center that England had.
2. Harvard granted its first degrees in 1642, even though no legal authority in England had granted them permission to do so. They were in fact going against the English government in granting degrees without being an established university. Harvard itself was founded without a clear legal structure, which is what Boorstin considers as “vague.”
3. Yale was founded in 1701 under the very vague name “a collegiate school.” The founders of Yale did not want what happened to Harvard, which was that the school’s authority and even that of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was being questioned by English politicians, to happen to them.
4. In England from 1573 to 1827, Oxford and Cambridge were the only two universities, that is to say they were the only two institutes able, through “Parliamentary authority” to grant degrees, whereas all other higher-learning institutes without this legal distinction were given the name college.
5. The “lay control,” or non-academic rule, of the colonial colleges was significant because it broke the monopoly of learned men running every aspect of the college and holding it separate from the community and instead incorporated colleges into the community.
6. It is significant to note that none of the members of the Board of Trustees for Yale and Princeton were faculty of the colleges, they were members of the community. The Trustees could then keep control of the college so that the faculty could focus on teaching; this was an example of “lay control” in the colonies.
7. All three of the first colleges in America were founded to support the teachings of the church of their colony. Now that three Christian sects were represented in higher learning, all Christian sects wanted to found their own college to spread their teachings as well as guard against the untruths of the other sects. However, even if the colleges wanted their own religion to dominate, they did not want to isolate their colleges because there were bound to be some members of other denominations at their college and so members of all different sects sat on the Board of Trustees.
8. One advantage of the colonial colleges was their success in spreading and diffusing learning throughout America by having so many regional colleges instead of only a few national ones. Their focus on the community also produced professionals who could more easily help strengthen their community and benefit their own part of the country. Competition among the many different colleges also kept them from becoming complacent as Oxford and Cambridge reportedly became in the 18th century. However, one disadvantage was that whoever had enough money to go to college basically ended up with a degree, resulting in the fact that colonial colleges did not maintain a very high standard of learning, especially when compared with the universities of England. There was also a tradition of investing money in impressive buildings to lure in new students instead of investing in a higher level of teaching.
1. Charter colonies were ruled by whoever held the charter. Royal colonies were under the direct rule of the English king. Proprietary colonies were ruled by english bishops.
2. Harvard college gave out its first degrees in 1642...degress that it hadn't been legally granted permission to give out, making the degrees' authenticity vague and questionable.
3. Yale was founded to be a different option to Harvard, because Harvard was having legal problems from granting degrees. It started out small to avoid drawing attention, and it was called a "collegiate school". It formerly became a college in 1745.
4. Colleges, in England, were self-governing places of instruction, but they didn't have the power to grant degrees. Universities could offer degrees, usually offering instruction in law, medicine, or theology along with the seven liberal arts and pholosophy.
5. "Lay control" was non-academic control of the colleges. American colleges, low on resources, needed someone to support them. They had lay boards of control that kept in contact with the community, who donated to keep the college open.
6. The Board of Trustees were "not members of the faculty; they were ministers, magistrates, lawyers, physicians, or merchants" (pg 178) They made the colleges become part of the community and made the college teach waht they wanted it to teach, regrdless of what the college wanted or thought worked best.
7. Religious sects were used to try and draw in more students. Since the colleges needed students anyway, they didn't exclude others of different sects, it was another "shiny object" to draw attention to that specific college.
8. Colonial colleges were a way for students to get a further education. They weren't as grand or large as the ones in England. They were focused on getting students and would often give parts of their educational ideas in order to get them, eitehr from asking for charity and having to follow the donor's instructions, or needing to spend money on necessary, not eductational, supplies.
~Chris Sogge~ :)
2. In 1642 Harvard gave out its first degrees which was "vague" because according to English standards, only universities could give out degrees and the only two universities were Oxford and Cambridge. Technically HArvard didn't have the authority to give degrees since it wasn't an official "university."
3. Yale was founded when Harvard was going through a period of legal issues. Because of this and the debate between colleges and universities, Yale called itself a "collegiate school" to avoid controversy.
4. Colleges in England were not entitled to give out degrees. This was only for universities to do, but the only two universities were Oxford and Cambridge.
5. Lay control was significant because it gave non-learned people power in the schools. It was necessary to do so because there was not a large number of such people in America at the time. People who held varied positions such as physicians, lawyers, in the clergy were in control of the colleges instead. They also had a president who was of the "non-learned" peoples. this was very different from England's colleges and universities where the schools weer under the control of the learned people only.
6. The Board of Trustees was significant because people other than the faculty were in control. People of the community were in control which led to the necessity of a college president, who was also a lay person. The president was the connection between the faculty and the public. In England, there was no need for this connection as each school was like an isolated entity of its own.
7. The colleges were initially created to support a particular sect, for example the revivalist Baptists founded Brown, Harvard by the Puritans. Each sect wanted to make their own college to "save" students from the 'untruths" of the colleges of other sects. However, oftentimes, multiple sects were involved in each college and students tended to go to the one that was closest to their home, not necessarily the one that matched their religious ideas.
8. Some of the advantages of colonial colleges were that there were more choices of which school to go to, however, this tended to be limited by location and cost. They were cheaper than English schools, between 10 and 50 pounds a year in America and up to 100 in England. However, people still didn't make much much in a year (a carpenter would make only 50 pounds, a wealthy lawyer could make about 500) so the cost was still significant. They also exercised more religious tolerance in the colonial colleges between the different sects. Some of the disadvantages were that the professors were often transient and very young students preparing to enter the ministry. Thus, the quality of the education one could receive wasn't as good as that in England. Americans also didn't have access to the libraries of England and they didn't spend very much money on educational purposes, but more on buildings to increase publicity and attendance.
1.) Who governed made the distincion between the types of colonies. While Boorstin doesnt technially distinguish royal and charter colonies, it is implied that if it was a charter colony, it was ruled by the person who recieved the charter. Royal colonies were ruled directly by the king, and proprietary colnies were run by English bishops
3.) The purpose of the founding of Yale was because people in the colonies wanted to earn degrees. Harvard was having legal issues granting people degrees, so Yale jumped in. Rather than naming themselves a complete university, they ran under the title of "collegiate university" to avoid legal trouble like Harvard.
4.) The difference between colleges and universities is that while both were high level education, universities had more opportunity and power. Universities like Oxford and Cambridge were allowed to grant degrees, while simple colleges were not.
7.) Religious sects played a large role in founding colleges in the colonies. Each sect would form its own individual college and compete with the other sects for dominance. While the colleges were religiously created, the focus was more on becoming the greater school rather than mantaining religious values, and basically anyone was allowed into the colleges. These schools became very important for enforcing religious tolerance in the colonies.
8.)Advantages:
-easily accessible for American citizens, low price compared with England and no admission standard.
-increased religious tolerance due to multiple religious groups attending every school.
Disadvantages:
-high focus on increasing student count, focused more on school architecture and looking good rather than on good teachers or supplies.
-too many people getting accepted and recieving degrees, a low standard of learning compared to that of England.
2. Generally, it's considered that Harvard was founded in 1636 under the General Court of Massachusetts. According to Boorstin their legal structure and authority was vague. In 1650, Harvard legally received its charter in order to grant degrees. However, it had been doing that for the 8 years previous to receiving the charter, degrees were being granted even though no one had given them the authority or legal right to do such a thing. This was not brought up to anyone's attention, though, since even the authority of the General Court to grant the the degree-giving power was highly questionable. It is still to this day, or at least was in the 20th century, that many questions lay unanswered centered around Harvard; questions such as whether Harvard is a college or a university in a legal sense and the origins of its rights to hand out degrees.
3. Yale was founded during the time when Harvard was struggling through legal authority. The founding of Yale was under the radar in order not to face the potential legal violations Harvard was currently dealing with. No one wanted to overstep legal authority, which would be for example to open a college or university into the colony without actually having the power to do so, because this violation would "invite unfriendly English politicians to challenge the legal existence of the whole colony" (pg. 175). In order not to be in any sort of violation, Yale was introduced as a "collegiate school." They did, however, grant dozens of degrees before they were formally and legally allowed to do so a half a century later, not unlike Harvard.
4. In England, a college was an institution for the self-governing instruction and a place of residence; although a college did not possess the power to hold exams or grant degrees. A college was a form of secondary school, or a theological school. A university, with the legal authority to grant degrees, taught higher subjects of law, medicine, theology, the seven liberal arts, and philosophy. Until the 19th century in England, there were numerous colleges, but Oxford and Cambridge were the only universities.
6. It had been in England that universities were isolated from the community which also meant there were few to one in charge.In America, the universities could not have existed without the support of the community and so the American colleges and universities were based on outside control. Yale and Princeton set the model of college government by instituting members of the community to serve on a board of trustees. This board of trustees legally owned and controlled the college. The trustees were ministers, magistrates, lawyers, physicians, and merchants, but were not members of the faculty. Unlike in England where the universities had become guilds of men of clerical learning, America had no intent on having their colleges be self-governed guilds of learned men.
8. American colleges went to great efforts to separate themselves from English colleges. Through this came advantages and disadvantages. To America's advantage, their colleges were community based where they got most of their support, through shared control and a board of trustees American colleges broke up any chances of a legal monopoly, and although not cheap American colleges still cost less and opened their doors to a wider population than English universities did. However, the disadvantages were the suffering quality of American colleges where degrees were issued as an inflated intellectual currency, and money that they didn't have went into the construction of the impressive buildings rather than to books and faculty endowments.
1. To begin a "charter" colony was governed be whomever the charter had been given too, a "proprietary" colony was one governed by a bishop of English decent, and lastly a "royal" colony was one governed by the king. For example, Jamestown was ruled by King James.
2. Harvard was founded in 1636 by the General Court of Massachusetts. In 1642, Harvard was only a young college at only nine years old. That year Harvard officials began to give out degrees even though it had not been legalized yet. Harvard finally received notice that they could legally pass out degrees in the year 1650. This however was no shock to the university officials because they had been doing it illegally for eight years running now. Thus Boorstin questions the legality of Harvard and considers the authority of that time to be "vague".
3. Yale was founded in Connecticut to show that it too could grant degrees illegally. It did not take on the name of university though out of fear of being caught and criticized by England. Instead of going by university it was referred to as a collegiate institution. Yale did grant many degrees before it was legal to do so much like Harvard, but it avoided legal troubles by keeping the name collegiate institution. In 1745 Yale was officially accepted as a university.
4. Both colleges and universities were places to receive a high education. A college however was not a sophisticated as a university. A university required more and had more legal authority. For example, universities were self-governed, which as a result left them isolated from the rest of society. As well as this, universities were permitted to grant degrees. They also had to teach theology and all of the liberal arts.
5. The term "lay control" had a significant impact on the rise of uneducated colonial men. Unlike European colleges the colonial colleges were founded by small groups. In Europe the colleges were founded on large foundations that took years to develop. They also had lots of resources where the colonial colleges did not. These colleges were widely accepted amongst many different communities as opposed to a university who would become isolated and turn into a small town.
6. The board of trustees of Princeton and Yale basically controlled the universities. The board contained aristocrats that controlled what was taught and they were set outside the university. This had a positive effect because this forced the universities to call to the outside, and as a result they did not become isolated and blended with the community. Sine the aristocrats controlled what was taught in the universities, English tradition was not taught and what the board wanted was.
7. Each religious sect founded their own university which naturally formed a competition between each university and religious sect. It was permitted however to participate in a university if you did not belong to that sect. If fact university was often chosen by preference or whether it was affordable or not.
8. A big advantage to having colonial colleges was that it attracted people from many different communities instead of one that would eventually become isolated. The colonial colleges also let lower class people in and participate. Thus there was no admission standard. Another advantage was there was religious tolerance because of all the different groups participating. The colonial colleges were mainly interested in student count which occurs as a disadvantage. Another disadvantage was that there was a high focus on the school's appearance rather than good books and materials for teaching. Lastly, degrees were given out very loosely so the standard of teaching was very low.
2) In 1642 Harvard College granted a degree, something that in England would be unheard of simply because of the educational facility’s name. In England only universities could grant degrees and colleges simply served as places of education. Harvard, by granting a degree, was legally vague because it quietly broke the English system in America. This allowed for the name “college” or “university” to have pretty much no particular difference in America.
3) When Yale was founded, it was for the purpose of satisfying the educators in England who were throwing a fit over the Harvard issue, while still creating an establishment that could grant degrees. That’s exactly why Yale was called a collegiate school. Without the word “college” or “university” in the title, the English were satisfied, and another educational establishment was opened. Also for caution, it was not officially added to the educational system for a number of decades.
7) Clerics and pastors played a large role in colleges and the staff was composed of almost completely religious authorities. Thus their roles were evident not only on the administration level, but on the student-teacher level. Those on the lower chain of authority were usually tutors, who were continually learning and studying the topic of which they would teach to students. Roles in religious sects were eventually to be filled by college students, so many who went to college, were themselves training to be apart of the clergy.
8) The advantages to American colleges were: a source of higher education to train and actually qualify someone to assume a higher class position, a source of forced diversity bringing people especially of different religious views together into a more confined space, and a more inexpensive alternative to education in England. The disadvantages to American colleges included: misplacement of funds such as money going into infrastructure rather than acquiring adequately educated tutors and professors, disputes over quality of education due to the defining term of university versus college, and less qualified education to that which was earned in England.
7. Amazingly enough, in America, religious sects had a big influences on colleges and universities. A different religous sect would have a seperate college this way, followers weren't lost to "improper" teaching. If you were a puritan, you did not go to a quaker university. If you were a baptist, you wouldn't go to a quaker university, etc.
8. Some disadvantages that came with clonial colleges was that they became very biased depending on the religious aspects an the teaching aspects that they were founded upon. You got very different education depending on which universityyou attended. An advantage that came from colonial colleges was there were not many families that could afford to send their children to university, therefore you got very one-on-one educaton from your professors.
1. royal colonies were owned by the british king, charter colonies were owned by the holder of the charter, and proprietary colonies were owned by a bishop.
2. in 1642, Harvard began granting college degrees, something it did not have the power to do, as it was not a certified university.
3. Yale was founded through a system where it was not officially a university, but could grant degrees, for the education of the people, so the americans could learn.
4. colleges in england were government owned and could not grant degrees, whereas universities were privately owned and could grant them.
5. "Lay control" greatly influenced universities, mainly by creating boards of Trustees.
6. The board of trustees were a group of aristocrats based outside the universities. this helped keep the universities activities out in the open, unlike british style governing.
7. Religious sects were the main focus of university creation, as each university was based around a relious sect.
8. Colonial colleges had the same advantages as British colleges, with education to the people and a smarter community, but they had a similar problem to modern presidential campaigns. They spent a lot of money that could have been spent on books or maintenance on campaigning to get students to come.
2..In 1642 Harvard was granting degrees, however legal issues began to arise. Giving out degrees was not yet seen as legal for Harvard to do. This power of handing out degrees was given only to Oxford and Cambridge. Boorsin considered it vague because regardless of if Harvard was doing it legally they set it aside and continued anyways.
3..Yale was called a colegiat school, it was founded during the time when Harvard was handing out degrees, perhaps illegally. It was the more modest of the schools being sure to keep control of handing out degrees so they would not be caught up in the mix if Harvard wuz punished.
4..Universities were for the upper class rich students with rich families. The ones who truly seeked a good education were the ones who went to universities. Colleges were also not able to give out degrees like the universities.
5..Lay control gave the oportunity for people not so well educated to have power in schools. This was used because there was a limited number of "learned" people in America at the time.
6..The board of trustees at Yale and at Princeton involved the students in the community in order to connect the school to the community. This helped to be sure the school was not completely confined from the community regardless of the fact that this was how some of the upper class students wished it to be.
7..The colleges were founded to spread and teach the ways of the Church. More schools were founded to continue the spreading of the teachings and to be sure that lies about each sect were set straight and suppressed.
8..Disadvantages of colonial collegeswas that they seemed to be competing agains each other, each one trying to be ther best. This competing resulted excessive spendingwhich maay have been put to much better use in different departments. The advantages to colonial colleges was the overall aspect of education. providing education is never truly a disadvantage. Also colonial colleges were much more cost effective than colleges in England.
1. Propriety was a religious colony ruled by the church. A charter colony was based on a charter that was given by a government, so that government has power along with the holder of the charter. A royal colony was simply governed by a representative there, who answered to a monarch.
2. the Harvard action that Boorstin referred to as “vague” was when they began to give out degrees in 1642. they simply did not have to authority at the time (only Oxford and Cambridge did.)
3. the Creators of Yale saw the need for another university (even though they didn’t call it that) and saw the problems with Harvard so they created their own school.
8. It seems like the American schools were much more focused on the community than the actual education. Like the European schools were much more elite. Also there was no "best" colonial college
2. Boorstin believed Harvard’s authority and legal structure to be “vague” when it was created, because in 1642 it granted its first degree without the legal authority. Even by the time they received their real charter in 1650 there was still nothing that right out said Harvard could grant degrees confer, yet the president at the time, Henry Dunster, still awarded degrees. Since it wasn’t certain if Harvard could give out degrees no one knew if it was a college of a university.
3. Yale was founded around sixty years after Harvard because the foundations of Harvard were still rather “shaky.” However, because of Massachusetts and Connecticut’s fear of angering England, just in case it wasn’t in their charter, Yale was created as “a collegiate school.” It wasn’t until 1745 that Yale was entered into the system and started granting degrees.
4. The main difference between colleges and universities in England was the issue of giving degrees. A college was a more a self-governed place of instruction not allowed to give degrees whereas a university allowed students to learn higher branches of law, medicine, theology, and liberal arts and had the ability to grant degrees. Because of this, until the 1800’s, England had a lot of colleges but Cambridge and Oxford were its only two universities.
5. “Lay control” or the non-academic control of the schools that was set up became the foundation for the schools existence. This was the first time in America that institutions were being invested in and they were now being governed by a lay board that kept the college intact with the community who were the only ones supporting them. The schools couldn’t be controlled as they had been in England by a “guild” of highly schooled men because American didn’t have large enough numbers of that group, thus “lay control” become essential for their existence.
6. Possibly and more significant branch off of “lay control” was the creation of the Board of Trustees at Yale and Princeton. What was the beginning to the college government used in American later on, the Board was a group of representatives which controlled and owned the system. And with this outside control of lawyers, physicians, merchants, and ministers a college president was created. The president became a well informed member of the school government and with the help of the Board helped kept the system in balance.
7. The involvement of religious sects in the founding of colleges in the colonies actually helped increase the amount of colleges founded. Because almost all of the Christian sects had an institution of their own this started a competition between other sects that had not founded one yet. Each time a new sect created an institution, there was another sect that decided to found a new institution to try and recruit more Americans away from the “misguidance” of the other institutions. And with all of the religious institutions being formed it sparked secular groups to build their own schools. Only stopped briefly by revolutions, colleges kept increasing even into today, according to Boorstin.
8. While colonial colleges had several advantages and disadvantages, Boorstin touches on four main points. Two of the main advantages of the colleges had to do with the community. The race for students in such a small populated land forced the colleges to start allowing different sects of people into their school and caused a new religious tolerance to take place. As well the colleges were in convenient locations so other learning students could visit and listen in which discouraged a wall between the “higher learning” and the community to form. However, on the other end Boorstin mentions two disadvantages to the whole system. While the fact that the price to go to college was half as much as it was in England the money was being spent on perfecting the appeal of the campus and the buildings instead of the teachers and the books. For example, both the College of Philadelphia and the College of Rhode Island were thrown into debt because of their huge expenditures on remodeling. As well, America was more concerned with increasing the number of colleges than focusing their efforts on advancing their degrees and educations.
Chapter 28 & 29
2. In 1642 Harvard granted is first degree. The confusion was based on the question of whether or not the college actually had the right or legal authority to grant them. Many early colonial institutions had this problem dealing with the confusions of establishing a new system of learning in the New World.
3. Yale was founded when Harvard seemed shaky. It was to be a legal school where the institutions were better established so that not so much controversy would be created. This school was also created to keep better ties with the British and not cross the legal contracts between the two groups.
4. Major distinctions were made between English colleges and universities. Colleges in England did not have the legal right to give exams or grant degrees. Universities were institutions properly incorporated with monopolies and could grant degrees. Also universities were defined by their higher levels of learning in law, medicine, and theology.
6. The Board of Trustees is important because they effectively controlled the schools. They were not members of faculty and made unbiased and smart decisions for the institution. Also, they pulled their decision from their broad range of knowledge because the people on the board were ministers, lawyers, physicians, merchants, etc.
7. All colleges in the colonies were supported by a certain religious sect. This created a competitive edge between the schools and the students. These schools did not impose religious texts on anyone but showed a tolerance within their classes. However, for those people who were very religious they had the opportunity to go to a school and learn with the support of their specific sect.
8. The advantages of a colonial college were that there was true devotion and interest in a broader class range. They sought the application of schooling for real life experiences and to make good citizens of America. Colleges were meant to reach mass amounts of people which was why so many different schools were created by different sects and scholarships were available. The disadvantage of a colonial college was the lack of experience. All these schools were new and were legally questionable. Also, they were not as interested in deeper and more complex learning as they were in just spreading simple learning.
Taylor Oster 2009
1. Yes, sir.
a)Charter: governed by the one granted the charter.
b)Royal: governed by the king of the country claiming the colony.
c)Proprietary: governed by an English Bishop
2. Harvard began giving out degrees to graduates in 1642, 8 years before it was even formally chartered as a university, which Boorstin considered "vague" because, as he says, "the college had recieved from nobody the legal authority to grand a degree". Because Harvard was not a university at the time, it could not grant degrees by English law, and did not recieve the permission to do so even after a charter was granted. Therefore, legally, the foundations of Harvard were "hazy" and their degrees could not be legally verified as valid.
3. Yale was founded around the time the Harvard degree-granting issue shook its foundations as an educational institution. Harvard threatened the Massachussetts Bay colony because its actions of declaring itself a "university" without a charter dangered the colony of being accused ot overstepping their own charter. Wary of the legal issues surrounding Harvard, Yale named itself a "collegiate school", therefore hopping through the legal loophole of the necessity of a charter to exist, and handed out degrees fluidly without issue before its formal charter in 1745.
4. If this question asks for a compare and contrast between American and English higher education establishments, my answer is: In England, only Oxford and Cambridge had the authority and permission to hand out degrees, however, in the New World, colleges and universities were handing out degrees solely on the basis that nobody had challenged them.
If this question is to call into distinction the difference between college and university in England, my answer is: In England, only universities held the "monopoly" of being certified to grant out degrees, and were "properly incorporated". All other educational institutions were called colleges and sharply distinct from higher class universities.
5. Lay control of colleges means that colleges were controlled by non-academic people. The Trustees in charge of college administration had other affairs to deal with more imporant than higher education, and also required a single person to finalize descisions to avoid the trouble of too much time spent on arguing amongst themselves rather than descision-making. This is why the position of the University President was developed. This transfer of power was exampled earlier by having laymen take over administration of churches to eliminate the possiblity of cleric control of America, and laymen administration of colleges was for the same reason.
6. Yale and Princeton established Boards of Trustees, where "representatives of the community...legally owned and effectively controlled the institution". They were essentially laymen---"not faculty...ministers, magistrates, lawyers, physicians, or merchants".
7. Each religious sect in America erected their own institution of higher education to compete with other religious sects, however, this was not an impediment as they admitted not only students from their own religous sect but any other that wished to attend, solely to compete with the other colleges.
8. Colonial colleges were extremely accessible and also promoted the thought of tolerence because the religiously established colleges were neither religiously run nor religiously exclusive, thus many could gain knowledge as well as tolerence for other people and religions. However, a major disadvantage was no admission standards and use of funds: most colleges were so focused on attracting students that actual education was a second place matter, so that money that could have been allocated to good teachers, texts and curriculums were instead diverted to architecture for the college's physical attractiveness.
1. Proprietary: Governed by a bishop. Royal: Run or controlled by the Royal family, or in England’s case, the King and Queen. Charter: Run by whom which the charter was given to.
2. Though it seems odd, as Harvard is one of the most famous in the western hemisphere (excepting MIT which dwarfs all…) , it began to give out degrees to students without true legal backing. This was ‘vague’ because there was no real legal backing, and though there were no charges pressed of any sort, it was unsure whether or not they were valid degrees.
3. Due to the controversy which was occurring regarding the legality of Harvard’s degrees, Yale was founded to provide an institution, known as a “collegiate institution,” so that it was not forced into the sticky situation of collegial-intrigue which Harvard, who later they became strict competitors with.
4. In short; Universities were self-governed, had stricter criteria, but most importantly, were able to issue degrees, something that was denied to colleges, though this allowed them to work as somewhat separate entities, which could teach more specialized areas without the restrictions of general education which were imposed upon Universities.
6. The Trustees of both Yale and Princeton were forced to be not of the Faculty of those institutions, as this kept the role of trustees to those whose interests were not as entangled with those of the school its self, thus the school gained a level of transparency and the community gained more control over what was taught.
8. Due to the great number of Colleges across the Colonies, there became a large number of highly specialized institutions of higher learning, meaning that competition between the predominantly liberal-arts, or the technical colleges remained high, often improving the specific area education, though arguably with negative effects on the general education. Due to the fact of the colleges founded by certain groups, there would often be colleges specifically for a certain group, religious sects et cetera. Furthermore, the issue of being able to “buy a degree” came to the fore often. People with high amounts of capital, though not necessarily high intelligence would be able to purchase a college degree, obviously they went there, but the colleges, in search of money and prestige would allow such to occur.
1. A proprietary colony was one in which a Bishop of England had governmental powers, a charter colony was governed by the person issued the charter, and a royal colony was governed by the king of the mother country. This difference in types of colonies was one example of the legal haziness that surrounded many American colonies, and which assisted in the incorporation of many institutions of learning that, under stricter legal circumstances, might not have been approved by England.
2. In 1642, Harvard began to grant degrees, although it was not legally incorporated, and did not have any legal permission to grant degrees. Even by 1650, when it did recieve a charter, degrees were not mentioned. This example of Harvard shows the uncertain legal foundations of many colleges and universities in America.
3. Yale was founded under the same unclear charter conditions as Harvard. The Massachussets Bay Colony’s charter, under which Harvard was founded, was obscure, and other colonies did not wish to push the limits of their charters and incure the wrath of English politicians who were all too willing to find reasons to limit the legal natures of the colonies. In order to lessen the risk of violating any charters, the founders of Yale called the school “a collegiate school” when they founded it in 1701, and it was not incorporated until 1745.
4. In England, a university was an institute of learning that had recieved a charter from the government, and had the authority to grant degrees. Colleges did not have the same degree-granting power, and were more self-governing than universities. This distinction largely did not transfer to the higher educational systems of America, mainly due to America’s newness, and its lack of prestigious, ancient universities inhabited by only a select upper few. This again shows the new American model of thought -- a system of thinking based on the evidence of actions, not the time-worn philosophies of only the aristocratic upper class.
5. The fact that colonial colleges were controlled by people other than the academics and teachers inside the colleges meant that the education within became more readily available to the public. This is in contrast to the English universities, where ideas and learning was kept away and isolated from the community, and is another example of a changing American view, where more emphasis was placed on the community, instead of a few great thinkers.
6. The Boards of Trustees of Yale and Princeton did not contain any professors from within the schools, but instead were made up of people outside the school: lawyers, doctors, merchants, ministers, etc. This forced these colonial colleges out of the self-containment that English schools showed, but instead were more part of the surrounding society.
7. Religious sects were very prominent in the founding of colleges. There was great pressure between sects to have a college, for when more sects founded a college, then other sects felt obliged to open their own in order to “save” the public from the false truths of other denominations. This also inspired the founding of secular colleges in order to “save” the public from religion and dogma.
8. The colonial colleges could be seen as beneficial to colonial communities, in that they were more connected to the public, and different from the highly specialized, esoteric universities of England that were very irrelevant to the general public. One disadvantage of the time might have been the fact that numerous colleges were giving degrees without the correct legal authority. Would this have given less weight to a Harvard or Yale degree than to an English degree? Would this have posed as a problem to colonial graduates attempting to find work?
1. Attention payed
2. Harvard granted its first degrees in 1642 when they technically did not have the legal power to give degrees. Im pretty sure this is what the question is talking about.
3. Yale came about as another "university" that could grant degrees. This was needed because Harvard was undergoing the legal issues that gave them permission to actually give degress out.
4. Colleges in England were more just schools. Only the Universities could give degrees out.
5. I am rather confused on the whole Idea of "lay control".
6. The trustees of these two schools could not be members of the school. Rather they had to be educated, "high ranking" men such as lawyers and docters.
8. I feel that some advantages of the colonial colleges is that they were new and open to change. Because these colleges were new they could change to fit the changing world and better repar the students for life. Another advantage is the fact that they were governed by people of the community, which is good because these people know what it takes to succeed, what the community needs, and what they kids should learn. Some dissadvantages I see in the colonial colleges is that they could possibly be lacking some of the great knowledge of preoffesors who have been teaching for many many years.
7. The role in religious sects founding colleges in the colonies seemed to be a large on. For Boorstin says that once one college formed a sect based school it gave another sect a reason to start a school and soforth. This would result in many many colleges being formed.
1. Pay attention to the definitions of the "several kinds of colonies -- 'charter, royal, and proprietary.'" They will come in handy years down the road...
Charter colonies are run by the people the charter was given to. Royal colonies are ruled by a monarch. Proprietary colonies are governed by a bishop.
2. What exactly did Harvard Collage do in 1642 that Boorstin considers "vague" and why?
Harvard College began giving out degrees, without being officially certified as a university. In addition to that, the Massachusetts Bay charter had not allowed it to grant official degrees. In fact, that power may not have even resided with the Massachusetts Bay charter.
3. Why was Yale founded and under what conditions?
Yale was founded partially to exploit a loophole: it originally was known as a “collegiate institution” so that it could grant degrees without being criticized for granting them without official “university” certification.
4. Please discuss briefly on the differences between colleges and universities established in England?
While both colleges and universities were centers of learning, only universities were permitted to grant degrees. Universities were self governed and had requirements such as the teachings of theology that colleges did not.
5. What is the significance of the "lay control" of colonial colleges?
Lay control meant that faculty could not sit on the board of the colleges—they could therefore focus more of their time on teaching. This prevented the colleges from becoming too isolated, as they were governed by members of the community rather than educated teachers.
8. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages with colonial colleges (this is a very general question and therefore has numerous answers)?
One advantage was the sheer number of colleges—they were spread out and numerous and could therefore spread education more efficiently. This also eliminated the apparent complacency that plagued English universities like Cambridge and Oxford—the higher numbers of colleges meant that there was more competition. This also helped to reduce fees and make the schooling more affordable. However, this lead to disadvantages, such as less distinguished and experienced teachers. There were also none of the classically large Old World libraries available.
1. Pay attention to the definitions of the "several kingds of colonies -- 'charter, royal, and proprietary." Thay will come in handuy years down the road...
Yes Mr. Elder.
2. What exactly did Havard Collage do in 1642 that boorstin considers "vague" and why?
Harvard started to give out degrees, n=but the problem with this is the fact that they were not a certified school at this time. It wasn't till 1650 when they were able to give out degrees because this is when they became a certifield college.
3. Why was Yale founded and under what conditions?
Yale orginally was not a university, but it still could give out degrees. While Harvard was going through legal issuses Yale step up and said they were a university now.
4. PLease discuss briefly on the difference between colleges and universities established in England?
Both colleges and universities were a great place to learn in England. Although, Universities could give out degrees, while colleges could not.
5. What is the significance of the "lay control" of colonial colleges?
6. What may be a significant concerning the board of trustees of yale and Princeton?
The board of trustees where all men high in the sociol class. For example, lawyers and docters. These were the people that made decisions for the schools.
8. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages with colonial colleges (this is a very general question and therefore had numerous answers)?
The advantages of colonial colleges is that they were every where. What this did was was put up competion doe places like oxford. The only disadvantage to all these colleges is that they are not as specialized as Oxford at the time.
1. Pay attention to the definitions of the "several kinds of colonies -- 'charter, royal, and proprietary.'" They will come in handy years down the road...
Proprietary is a colony governed by an English Bishop, and charter is a colony given to someone as a charter, and a royal colony is ruled by the king.
2. What exactly did Harvard Collage do in 1642 that Boorstin considers "vague" and why?
In 1642 Harvard gave out its first degree, but in that year Harvard was not considered a university which in England is the requirement to give out degrees and he considered the correctness of the degrees unvalued
3. Why was Yale founded and under what conditions?
Yale began under the title of "collegiate institution” so it could be a place to gain legal degrees.
4. Please discuss briefly on the differences between colleges and universities established in England?
Both are considered places for a person to gain higher knowledge of things but colleges couldn’t give out legal degrees, only universities.
5. What is the significance of the "lay control" of colonial colleges?
“Lay” control played a role in the controlling leadership of the colonial colleges, whereas European colleges had a benefit of wealthy investors.
6. What may be significant concerning the Board of Trustees of Yale and Princeton?
The Importance of the Board of Trustees remained in their role of getting rid of autonomous governing of previous English Colleges. Where trustees now legally held and gained power over colleges.
8. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages with colonial colleges (this is a very general question and therefore has numerous answers)?
It was a simple way for American people to get into college at a lower price and no admission standards and increase religious tolerance due to the multiple religious groups found at the college, and disadvantages were that the colleges cared more for their look then their smarts.
8. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages with colonial colleges (this is a very general question and therefore has numerous answers)?
American colleges were not focused on making students highly educated professionals that were experts in their field, rather they only wanted to make students educated, good people who could occupy several different jobs if they desired. Another disadvantage of colonial colleges were that they were more concerned with student appeal and attraction in order to get money instead of focusing on giving students a higher education. The colonial colleges were interested in bringing in students and they would spend money on more insignificant things to try and attract the students instead of materials that would have furthered their education.
4. Please discuss briefly on the differences between colleges and universities established in England?
In England, there was a very large difference between colleges and universities. A college was self-governing and had no power to administer examinations or give degrees to its students. A university, on the other hand, was an "institution of learning." It offered degrees in many different areas, and it had leagal authority.
8. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages with colonial colleges (this is a very general question and therefore has numerous answers)?
One advantage of colonial colleges was that there were so many of them, and they were focused on gaining and educating as many students as possible. Although more time and money was spent on attracting people to these colleges that on making the colleges very good, it still promoted the education of the general public, which was a very good thing.
Mira Schlosberg
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